grammar - chapter 9
A. Connecting adjective/noun sentences with ~て
This aspect of the て form can be used to make two kinds of connections:
Adjective Connections
て can be used to connect two adjectives that are used to describe a person or thing. This is done by converting the first of the two adjectives to the て form.
Should you wish to combine more than two adjectives, convert all adjectives but the last one into their て forms. For example, if someone is nice, helpful and hardworking, the adjective combination would look as follows:
[やさしい、しんせつ(な)、まじめな] --> やさしくて、しんせつで、まじめです。
When combining adjectives, they must be of similar meaning or connotation (i.e.; both positive, or both negative). If the adjectives are contrasting (i.e.; a positive and a negative), they are linked by が or けど (meaning "but").
Noun Sentence Connections.In the same way that you combine adjectives, noun sentences can also be connected with the て form. Think of this as your subject having two different aspects you would like to talk about. For example:
Adding Adjectives Review
This aspect of the て form can be used to make two kinds of connections:
- Adjective Connections
- Noun Sentence Connections
Adjective Connections
て can be used to connect two adjectives that are used to describe a person or thing. This is done by converting the first of the two adjectives to the て form.
- For A Adjectives, drop the い and add くて
- For Na Adjectives, drop the な and add で
Should you wish to combine more than two adjectives, convert all adjectives but the last one into their て forms. For example, if someone is nice, helpful and hardworking, the adjective combination would look as follows:
[やさしい、しんせつ(な)、まじめな] --> やさしくて、しんせつで、まじめです。
When combining adjectives, they must be of similar meaning or connotation (i.e.; both positive, or both negative). If the adjectives are contrasting (i.e.; a positive and a negative), they are linked by が or けど (meaning "but").
Noun Sentence Connections.In the same way that you combine adjectives, noun sentences can also be connected with the て form. Think of this as your subject having two different aspects you would like to talk about. For example:
- Subject = Yamada
- Two aspects = 1. Is my friend; 2. Is a teacher.
- Two separate sentences would be: 山田さんは友だちです。 and 山田さんは先生です。
- Combine + Simplify the sentences - use Yamada's name only once! ---> 山田さんは私の友だちで、先生です。
Adding Adjectives Review
B. Says That ~: Using ~と言うto report statements
The と in と言う is used to signify to the reader/listener that the preceding word were a quotation.
There are two ways by which you can report quotations:
Indirect quotations have a few rules:
The difference between 言いました and 言っています
Quite simply, 言いました means "said," whereas 言っています means "says". To understand what this difference actually means, consider the following: 言いました is simply used to indicate whether or not something was actually said, whereas 言っています is used to preserve the content of what was said and (often) indicate that the original statement has not been realized/enacted yet.
In casual speech, 言っています can be shortened to って.
A final use of 言います:
The と in と言う is used to signify to the reader/listener that the preceding word were a quotation.
There are two ways by which you can report quotations:
- Direct: an exact repetition of another's words. Enclosed by Japanese quotation marks (「」) and followed by と.
- Indirect: another speaker's message is rephrased for the current speaker's perspective.
Indirect quotations have a few rules:
- Polite forms are changed to plain forms.
This is because only the content/information is what the current speaker wants to convey. - The tense of the verb remains the same as what the initial speaker intended it to be.
For example, if Tanaka said to you earlier in the day, "I will go at 4," the verb (go) is in present tense. When you report the sentence, you would do it as follows: 田中さんは四時に行くと言いました。This is preserving Tanaka's speaking intentions while indicating that you heard this in the past. - Because the paraphrase is now coming from the current speaker's perspective, certain words may need to be changed.
If Tanaka said to you, "I'll go to your place," your sentence would be, "Tanaka said he'll come to my place" so as not to confuse your listener. - Quotation marks are not used. Quotation marks are only for direct quotations.
The difference between 言いました and 言っています
Quite simply, 言いました means "said," whereas 言っています means "says". To understand what this difference actually means, consider the following: 言いました is simply used to indicate whether or not something was actually said, whereas 言っています is used to preserve the content of what was said and (often) indicate that the original statement has not been realized/enacted yet.
In casual speech, 言っています can be shortened to って.
A final use of 言います:
- Talk about habitual phrases
- Indicate a future action
C. Because: ~ので
In the past, you learned [Sentence 1] から [Sentence 2], where [Sentence 1] から indicated a reason or cause. ので functions in the same way.
ので and から are different in the following ways:
Here is the pattern for adding ので :
Verbs plain form of verb + ので
* this works for all 3 verbs types, in either positive or negative, and either past or present tense
A Adjectives plain form of adjective + ので
* this works in either positive or negative, and either past or present tense
Na Adjectives plain form of adjective + ので
* keep the な if the sentence is in present positive tense
* this works in either positive or negative, and either past or present tense
Nouns plain form of adjective + ので
* keep the な if the sentence is in present positive tense
* this works in either positive or negative, and either past or present tense
In the past, you learned [Sentence 1] から [Sentence 2], where [Sentence 1] から indicated a reason or cause. ので functions in the same way.
ので and から are different in the following ways:
- The verb before のでis usually in plain form.
The verb before から
can be in either polite or plain form. - から can be directly followed by です.
ので cannot immediately precede です. - ので has a formal tone/connotation.
から sounds casual
Here is the pattern for adding ので :
Verbs plain form of verb + ので
* this works for all 3 verbs types, in either positive or negative, and either past or present tense
A Adjectives plain form of adjective + ので
* this works in either positive or negative, and either past or present tense
Na Adjectives plain form of adjective + ので
* keep the な if the sentence is in present positive tense
* this works in either positive or negative, and either past or present tense
Nouns plain form of adjective + ので
* keep the な if the sentence is in present positive tense
* this works in either positive or negative, and either past or present tense
D. A and Na Adjectives as Adverbs
Recall that adverbs are words with an "-ly" ending. They modify a verb, indicating to the listener/reader how the verb is/was performed (i.e.; eat quickly).
To change adjectives into adverbs, the process is:
Recall that adverbs are words with an "-ly" ending. They modify a verb, indicating to the listener/reader how the verb is/was performed (i.e.; eat quickly).
To change adjectives into adverbs, the process is:
- A Adjectives: Drop the い and add く
- Na Adjectives: Drop the だ / な and add に
E. する and なる verbs revisited
Recall the meaning of these two verbs:
In both instances, the adjective preceding する / なる takes に.
田中さんはへやをしずかにしました。 Tanaka made the room quiet.
へやがしずかになりました。 The room became quiet.
Recall the meaning of these two verbs:
- する to do, to make
- なる to become
- Centering on the person responsible for the action
Here, the sentence explicitly identifies the person responsible.
This sentence type takes する; direct objects take を as a particle. - Centering on the result of the action
Here, the sentence does not explicitly identify the person responsible.
This sentence type takes なる; direct objects take が for a particle.
In both instances, the adjective preceding する / なる takes に.
田中さんはへやをしずかにしました。 Tanaka made the room quiet.
へやがしずかになりました。 The room became quiet.
F. Keego Speech
Up until this point, you have learned conversation in casual or polite form. This chapter introduces keego, which represents honorific and humble forms of speech. This form of speech is used to address someone higher than you, or to speak about someone who is higher than you.
There are three types of honorific forms:
Some vocabulary:
いらっしゃる いらっしゃいます to stay,
おいでになる おいでななります to go, to come
めしあがる めしあがります to eat, to drink
おっしゃる おっしゃいます to say
ごらんになる ごらんになります to see
~ていらっしゃる ~ていらっしゃいます the て form of verbs (any type) is added here to become an honorific
なさる なさいます to do, also the ending for other verbs that end in する (known as verbal nouns)
A quick note on verbal nouns: these are the nouns that have a noun attached to the verb, such as でんわする (to phone) or りょうりする (to cook). Verbal nouns in keego form can sometimes take ご or お as an extra honorific prior to the verb.
Some ご + verbal nouns:
Up until this point, you have learned conversation in casual or polite form. This chapter introduces keego, which represents honorific and humble forms of speech. This form of speech is used to address someone higher than you, or to speak about someone who is higher than you.
There are three types of honorific forms:
- Irregular
- Regular
- Passive
Some vocabulary:
いらっしゃる いらっしゃいます to stay,
おいでになる おいでななります to go, to come
めしあがる めしあがります to eat, to drink
おっしゃる おっしゃいます to say
ごらんになる ごらんになります to see
~ていらっしゃる ~ていらっしゃいます the て form of verbs (any type) is added here to become an honorific
なさる なさいます to do, also the ending for other verbs that end in する (known as verbal nouns)
A quick note on verbal nouns: these are the nouns that have a noun attached to the verb, such as でんわする (to phone) or りょうりする (to cook). Verbal nouns in keego form can sometimes take ご or お as an extra honorific prior to the verb.
Some ご + verbal nouns:
- けっこんする to get married; noun = marriage
- せつめいする to explain; noun = explanation
- そうだんする to consult; noun = consultation
- れんらくする to contact; noun = contact person
- でんわする to phone; noun = a telephone
- せんたくする to do the laundre; noun = the laundry
- そうじする to clean; noun = cleaning (supplies)
- りょうりする to cook; noun = a cook
- うんてんする to drive; noun = a drive (driveway)
- テニスする to play tennis; noun = a tennis game
G. だけ: "only"
Noun + だけ is used to indicate "only"/"just".
Noun + だけ is used to indicate "only"/"just".
- 田中さんだけいえに来ました。 Only Tanaka came to my house.
In casual speech, particles like が